Introduction

Postfix is a mail transfer agent (MTA), an application used to send and receive email. It can be configured so that it can be used to send emails by local application only. This is useful in situations when you need to regularly send email notifications from your apps or have a lot of outbound traffic that a third-party email service provider won’t allow. It’s also a lighter alternative to running a full-blown SMTP server, while retaining the required functionality.

In this tutorial, you’ll install and configure Postfix as a send-only SMTP server. You’ll also request free TLS certificates from Let’s Encrypt for your domain and encrypt the outbound emails using them.

Prerequisites

• One Ubuntu 22.04 server set up with the Initial Server Setup with Ubuntu 22.04, including creating a sudo non-root user.
• A fully registered domain name. This tutorial will use your_domain throughout. You can purchase a domain name on Namecheap, get one for free on Freenom, or use the domain registrar of your choice.
• An A DNS record with your_domain pointing to your server’s public IP address. You can follow this introduction to DigitalOcean DNS for details on how to add them.

Step 1 — Installing Postfix

In this step, you’ll install Postfix. The fastest way is to install the mailutils package, which bundles Postfix with a few supplementary programs that you’ll use to test sending email.

First, update the package database:

Then, install Postfix by running the following command:

Near the end of the installation process, you will be presented with the Postfix configuration window:

The default option is Internet Site. That’s the recommended option for your use case, so press TAB, and then ENTER. If you only see the description text, press TAB to select OK, then ENTER.

If it does not show up automatically, run the following command to start it:

After that, you’ll get another configuration prompt regarding the System mail name:

The System mail name must be the same as the name you assigned to your server when you were creating it. When you’ve finished, press TAB, followed by ENTER.

You have now installed Postfix and are ready to start configuring it.

Step 2 — Configuring Postfix

In this step, you’ll configure Postfix to send and receive emails only from the server on which it is running—that is, from localhost.

For that to happen, you need to configure Postfix to listen only on the loopback interface, the virtual network interface that the server uses to communicate internally. To make the changes, you’ll need to edit the main Postfix configuration file called main.cf, stored under etc/postfix.

Open it for editing using nano or your favorite text editor:

Find the following lines:

. . .
mailbox_size_limit = 0
recipient_delimiter = +
inet_interfaces = all
. . .

Set the value of the inet_interfaces setting to loopback-only:

. . .
mailbox_size_limit = 0
recipient_delimiter = +
inet_interfaces = loopback-only
. . .

If your domain is actually a subdomain and you want the email messages to look as if they were sent from the main domain, you can add the following line to the end of main.cf:

...
masquerade_domains = your_main_domain

The optional masquerade_domains setting specifies the domain for which the subdomain will be stripped off in the email address.

When you are done, save and close the file.

Then, restart Postfix by running the following command:

You’ve configured Postfix to only send emails from your server. You’ll now test it by sending an example message to an email address.

Step 3 — Testing the SMTP Server

In this step, you’ll test whether Postfix can send emails to an external email account using the mail command, which is part of the mailutils package that you installed in the first step.

To send a test email, run the following command:

You can change the body and the subject of the email to your liking. Remember to replace your_email_address with a valid email address that you can access.

Now, check the email address to which you sent this message. You should see the message in your inbox. If it’s not there, check your spam folder. At this point, all emails you send are unencrypted, which makes service providers think it’s likely spam. You’ll set up encryption later, in step 5.

If you receive an error from the mail command, or you haven’t received a message after a prolonged period of time, check that the Postfix configuration you edited is valid and that your server’s name and hostname are set to your domain.

Note that with this configuration, the address in the From field for the test emails you send will be in the form of your_user_name@your_domain, where your_user_name is the username of the server user you ran the command as.

You have now sent an email from your server and verified that it’s successfully received. In the next step, you’ll set up email forwarding for root.

Step 4 — Forwarding System Mail

In this step, you’ll set up email forwarding for user root, so that system-generated messages sent to it on your server get forwarded to an external email address.

The /etc/aliases file contains a list of alternate names for email recipients. Open it for editing:

In its default state, it looks like this:

# See man 5 aliases for format
postmaster:    root

The only directive present specifies that system-generated emails are sent to root.

Add the following line to the end of the file:

...
root:          your_email_address

With this line, you specify that emails sent to root will be forwarded to an email address. Remember to replace your_email_address with your personal email address. When you are done, save and close the file.

For the change to take effect, run the following command:

Running newaliases will build up a database of aliases that the mail command uses, which are taken from the config file you just edited.

Test that sending emails to root works by running:

You should receive the email at your email address. If it’s not there, check your spam folder.

In this step, you set up forwarding system-generated messages to your email address. You’ll now enable message encryption, so that all emails your server sends are immune to tampering in transit and will be viewed as more legitimate.

Step 5 — Enabling SMTP Encryption

You’ll now enable SMTP encryption by requesting a free TLS certificate from Let’s Encrypt for your domain (using Certbot) and configuring Postfix to use it when sending messages.

Ubuntu includes Certbot in their default package repositories, so you can install it by running the following command:

When asked for confirmation, type Y and press enter.

As part of the initial server setup in the prerequisites, you installed ufw, the uncomplicated firewall. You’ll need to configure it to allow the HTTP port 80, so that domain verification can be completed. Run the following command to enable it:

The output will look like this:

Rule added
Rule added (v6)

Now that the port is open, run Certbot to get a certificate:

This command orders Certbot to issue certificates with an RSA key size of 4096 bits, to run a temporary standalone web server (--standalone) for verification, and to check via port 80 (--preferred-challenges http). Remember to replace your_domain with your domain before running the command, and enter your email address when prompted.

The output will be similar to this:

Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
Requesting a certificate for aleksasavic.com

Successfully received certificate.
Certificate is saved at: /etc/letsencrypt/live/your_domain/fullchain.pem
Key is saved at:         /etc/letsencrypt/live/your_domain/privkey.pem
This certificate expires on 2022-07-04.
These files will be updated when the certificate renews.
Certbot has set up a scheduled task to automatically renew this certificate in the background.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
If you like Certbot, please consider supporting our work by:
 * Donating to ISRG / Let's Encrypt:   https://letsencrypt.org/donate
 * Donating to EFF:                    https://eff.org/donate-le
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

As written in the notes, your certificate and private key file were saved under /etc/letsencrypt/live/your_domain.

Now that you have your certificate, open main.cf for editing:

Find the following section:

# TLS parameters
smtpd_tls_cert_file=/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
smtpd_tls_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
smtpd_tls_security_level=may

smtp_tls_CApath=/etc/ssl/certs
smtp_tls_security_level=may
smtp_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtp_scache

Modify it to look like this, replacing your_domain with your domain where necessary. This will update your TLS settings for Postfix:

# TLS parameters
smtpd_tls_cert_file=/etc/letsencrypt/live/your_domain/fullchain.pem
smtpd_tls_key_file=/etc/letsencrypt/live/your_domain/privkey.pem
smtpd_tls_security_level=may

smtp_tls_CApath=/etc/ssl/certs
smtp_tls_security_level=may
smtp_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtp_scache

Once you’re done, save and close the file.

Apply the changes by restarting Postfix:

Now, try sending an email again:

Then, check the email address you provided. It’s possible that you’ll see the message in your inbox immediately because email providers are much more likely to mark unencrypted messages as spam.

You can check the technical info about the email message in your client to see that the message is indeed encrypted.

Conclusion

You now have a send-only email server, powered by Postfix. Encrypting all outgoing messages is an effective first step to email providers not marking your messages as spam outright. If you are doing this in a development scenario, then this measure should be enough.

However, if your use case is to send emails to potential site users (such as confirmation emails for a message board sign-up) or popular email providers, such as Gmail, look into setting up SPF records, so that your server’s emails are even more likely to be seen as legitimate.

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